SPAN (Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk)

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SUMMARY

SPAN (Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk) is a sophisticated risk-based methodology for calculating margin requirements in derivatives markets. Developed by CME Group, SPAN has become the global standard for determining appropriate collateral levels by simulating potential portfolio value changes across various market scenarios.

How SPAN works

SPAN calculates margin requirements by analyzing the potential losses a portfolio might face under different market conditions. The system evaluates 16 distinct scenarios that combine:

  • Price movements (up and down)
  • Volatility changes (up and down)
  • Time decay impacts
  • Correlation effects between related products

Each scenario generates a risk array that represents potential losses, with the largest reasonable loss determining the initial margin requirement.

Key components of SPAN calculation

Risk scenarios

SPAN evaluates portfolios across standardized price and volatility scenarios:

Risk arrays

Each contract's risk is represented through a standardized array containing:

  • Price scan risk
  • Volatility scan risk
  • Physical delivery risk
  • Inter-month spread charge
  • Short option minimum

Integration with trading systems

SPAN interfaces with order management systems and risk management systems to provide:

  • Real-time margin calculations
  • Pre-trade risk checks
  • End-of-day margin calls
  • What-if analysis capabilities

Next generation time-series database

QuestDB is an open-source time-series database optimized for market and heavy industry data. Built from scratch in Java and C++, it offers high-throughput ingestion and fast SQL queries with time-series extensions.

Market applications

Clearing house usage

Central counterparty clearing organizations use SPAN to:

  • Set initial margin requirements
  • Calculate variation margin
  • Evaluate clearing member risk
  • Determine collateral adequacy

Risk management benefits

  • Portfolio-level risk assessment
  • Recognition of correlations between products
  • Standardized risk measurement across markets
  • Efficient capital allocation

Modern implementations

Contemporary SPAN systems leverage advanced technologies for:

  • Real-time calculation capabilities
  • Integration with real-time risk assessment systems
  • Cloud-based deployment options
  • API-driven architecture

The methodology continues to evolve with market needs while maintaining its core principle of portfolio-level risk evaluation.

Performance considerations

SPAN calculations require significant computational resources, especially for:

  • Large portfolios
  • Complex option positions
  • Real-time margin updates
  • Multiple currency calculations

Modern implementations often utilize parallel processing and optimization techniques to meet performance requirements.

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