Glossary

List of terms and concepts used in capital markets, heavy industry, QuestDB, and other time series or analytics databases

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

ACID Table Adaptive Market Hypothesis Adaptive Market Making Adaptive Trading Algorithms Adjacency Matrix Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)Adversarial Training for Market Forecasting Adverse Selection Models in Electronic Markets Agency Execution Agent Based Models in Market Simulation Aggregation Pipeline AI-Augmented Portfolio Optimization Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)Alert Thresholding Algorithmic Credit Scoring Algorithmic Execution Strategies Algorithmic Portfolio Rebalancing Algorithmic Risk Controls Algorithmic Stablecoins and Systemic Risk Algorithmic Trading Alpha Signals in Quantitative Finance Alternative Credit Scoring Alternative Data Sources Alternative Liquidity Pools Alternative Margin Calculation Methods SPAN vs VaR Amihud Illiquidity Ratio Analytical Query Engine Anisotropic Data Anomaly Detection in Industrial Systems Anomaly Detection in Time Series Data Anomaly Score Anomaly Window Apache Hudi Apache Iceberg Apache Parquet Apache Parquet, What It Is and Why to Use It Append-only Log Append-only Storage Arbitrage-Free Pricing Models Are Headless Data and Headless BI the Future?ARIMA Models Arithmetic Coding ARMA Models ASOF Join Asset Liability Management (ALM)Asset Price Correlation Asset Tokenization Asset-Backed Securities (ABS)Atomic Transactions Auction Mechanisms Autocorrelation Function Autocorrelation Function (ACF)Autocovariance Automated Clearing House (ACH)Automated Liquidity Provision Automated Market Makers (AMM)Availability Zone Avro

B

Backfill Backpressure (Data Streaming)Backpressure Handling Backpressure Protocol Backtesting BASE Model Basel III Basel III Capital Liquidity Coverage Ratio Basel IV Regulations Basel IV Risk Weighting Adjustments Batch Boundary Batch Ingestion Batch vs. Stream Processing Batch Windowing Bayesian Inference in Portfolio Allocation Bayesian Inference in Quant Trading Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC)Bayesian Updating Benchmark Index Best Execution Policies (MiFID II & SEC)Beta Estimation in Market Risk Models Bias-variance Tradeoff Binomial Option Pricing Model Black-Scholes Model for Option Pricing Black-Scholes Model Limitations Block Order Execution Block Trade Reporting Blockchain for Supply Chain Blockchain-Based Repo Markets Bloom Filter Bond Market Microstructure Bootstrap Resampling Broker-Dealer Regulation Bulk Synchronous Processing Buy-Side vs Sell-Side Trading

C

Cache Eviction CAP Theorem Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)Capital Markets Infrastructure Cardinality Estimation Causal Inference in Economic Time Series Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Models Central Clearing Mandates Central Counterparty Clearing (CCP)Change Data Capture (CDC)Changelog Stream Changepoint Detection Circuit Breaker Pattern Circuit Breaker Test Thresholds Clearing and Settlement Latency Clearinghouse Stress Testing and CCP Risk Clock Drift Cloud Native Data Processing Cloud-native Database Cloud-native Time-series Databases Cluster Rebalancing Co-integration Testing for Statistical Arbitrage Coherent Risk Measures in Financial Regulation Cold Start Query Cold vs Hot Storage Collateral Management Systems Column Pruning Columnar File Format Commodities Hedging Commodity Futures Commodity Price Index Common Table Expression Compacted Topic Compaction Complex Event Processing (CEP)Composability in Smart Contracts Comprehensive Overview of Finite Difference Methods for Option Pricing Comprehensive Overview of Hawkes Processes in Market Event Modeling Comprehensive Overview of Kullback-Leibler Divergence in Financial Distributions Comprehensive Overview of Liquidity Shock Propagation in Market Networks Compression Ratio Computational Finance Concurrency Control Confidence Interval Consensus Algorithm Consistency Tradeoff Consolidated Audit Trail (CAT)Contango and Backwardation in Futures Pricing Continuous Auditing Continuous Data Integration Continuous Query Processing Convex Hulls in Portfolio Optimization Convex Optimization for Execution Algorithms Convexity Adjustments in Interest Rate Derivatives Convexity Hedging Copula Functions for Correlation Modeling Copy-on-write Cost-based Optimizer Coupon Bond Pricing Formula CPU-bound Query Credible Interval Credit Default Swap CDS Pricing Cross Entropy Loss for Probabilistic Trading Models Cross-asset Correlation Cross-Asset Derivatives Hedging Cross-asset Trading Strategies Cross-Border Payment Settlement Cross-Chain Liquidity Aggregation Cross-correlation Cross-market Surveillance Cross-validation Crossed Market CSV Ingestion Cumulative Sum Control Chart Cybersecurity and Resilience in Capital Markets DORA

D

D Quote Dark Pool Aggregation Dark Pool Regulations Dark Pools Data Archiving for Time-series Databases Data Compression Techniques for Time Series Data Governance in Financial Markets Data Integrity Verification Data Lake Data Lake Integration Data Lake Query Engine Data Lakehouse Data Lineage in Financial Systems Data Loss Window Data Partitioning Strategies Data Provenance Data Retention Policy Data Serialization Data Sharding Data Skew Data Sparsity Data Streaming Data Warehouse Dead Letter Queue Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO)Decentralized Clearing Mechanisms Decentralized Finance (DeFi)Decentralized Identity Verification Decentralized Market Surveillance Decentralized Risk Pools Deduplication Deduplication Key Deep Learning for Order Flow Prediction Delayed Delivery Delta Hedging Delta Hedging vs Gamma Hedging Delta Lake Delta-Neutral Hedging Strategies Delta-Neutral Portfolio Construction Derivative Risk Analytics Derivatives Clearing Organization (DCO)Derivatives Pricing Models Derived Table Device ID Resolution Device Telemetry Dickey-Fuller Test Differential Entropy Differential Evolution in Algorithmic Trading Strategies Digital Asset Custody and Cold Storage Digital Custodian Banking Digital Twin Technology Discretionary Orders Distributed Event Processing Distributed Ledger in Capital Markets Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)Distributed SQL Distributed Time-series Database Distributed Tracing Dodd-Frank Swap Execution Mandates Downlink Latency Downsampling (data processing)Downsampling Strategy Durability Duration and Convexity in Fixed Income Analytics Duration-Matching Strategies Dynamic Hedging Dynamic Hedging in Derivatives Trading Dynamic Programming in Execution Cost Minimization

E

Edge Analytics Edge Buffering Eigenvalue Decomposition in Risk Analysis Eigenvector Centrality Elastic Net Regularization Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)Electronic Trading Protocols Embedded Finance Infrastructure Embedded Risk Management in Payments EMIR Trade Reporting Requirements Energy Consumption Forecasting Energy Market Forecasting Energy Trading and Risk Management (ETRM)Entropy Measures in Financial Data Compression Environmental Data and Metrics Environmental Risk Analytics ESG metrics Event Batch Event Envelope Event Sourcing Event Time Event-Driven Architecture (EDA)Event-driven Microservices Eventual Consistency Exchange Co-Location Strategies Exchange-Traded Derivatives (ETDs)Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF)Execution Algorithms Execution Plan Execution Slippage Measurement Exotic Derivatives Pricing Exotic Option Structures Exotic Swaps Expectation-Maximization Algorithm for Market Data Clustering Expected Shortfall (Conditional VaR)Explainability in AI-Driven Trading Strategies Exponential Moving Average Expression Simplification

F

Factor Loading in Multi-Factor Risk Models Failover Strategy Fair Value Models in Trading Fama-French Three-Factor Model Fault Tolerant Systems Federated Query Engines File Compaction Fill Probability Filter Clause Financial Information Exchange (FIX) Protocol Financial Instrument Reference Data Financial Risk Modeling Financial Stability Oversight Council FSOC Risk Assessments FINRA TRACE Enhancements FIX Protocol Enhancements (FIX Latest)Fixed Income Analytics Fixed Income Liquidity Risk Fixed Income Market Structure Fixed Income Trading Platforms Flash Bots in DeFi Markets Flash Crash Flash Loan Arbitrage Forecast Horizon Foreign Exchange (Forex) Market Foreign Exchange Swap (FX Swap)Format Negotiation Fourier Transform in High Frequency Trading Signal Processing Fractal Market Hypothesis and Hurst Exponent Fragmentation of Order Books Across Venues Frequency Trading Bands Front Running Full Table Scan Futures Basis and Cost of Carry Models Futures Clearing Merchant (FCM)

G

Game Theory in Market Microstructure Gamma Scalping Strategies GARCH Models and Applications Gas Fees Optimization Strategies Gateways Gaussian Process Geometric Brownian Motion for Asset Prices Geospatial Time Series Data Gibbs Sampling Global Derivatives Regulation EMIR Dodd-Frank Gradient Boosting in Price Forecasting Gradient Descent in Reinforcement Learning for Trading Granular Data Access Graph Convolution Graph Laplacian Graph Neural Networks for Trade Surveillance Greeks (Delta, Gamma, Theta, Vega, Rho)

H

Handoff Hash Join Heartbeat Event Heatmap Aggregation Hedging Ratios in Portfolio Management Hedging Strategies Hedging Strategies with Futures Contracts Heston Model for Stochastic Volatility Hidden Layer Representations in Deep Learning for Finance Hidden Markov Models in Market Regime Detection Hidden Markov Models in Order Flow Prediction Hidden Orders Hidden Partitioning High Availability High Availability (HA)High Frequency Data Sampling High Frequency Mean Reversion Strategies High-Dimensional Alpha Signals High-Dimensional Risk Factor Modeling High-frequency Sensor Data High-Frequency Trading Circuit Breakers High-Frequency Trading Risk Histogram Binning Historical Data Replay Holdout Set Huffman Coding Hybrid Off-Chain and On-Chain Execution Hybrid On-Chain & Off-Chain Execution Models Hybrid Row-columnar Storage HyperLogLog (data structure)Hyperparameter Optimization in Financial Machine Learning

I

Iceberg Catalog Iceberg order Iceberg Order Idempotency Idempotent Write Immutable Data Pattern Implementation Shortfall Analysis Implementation Shortfall in Algorithmic Execution Implied Volatility Calculation Implied Volatility Skew Implied Volatility Surface Distortions Implied Volatility Term Structure Importance Sampling Index Scan Indexing Strategy Industrial Data Historian Industrial IoT (IIoT) Data Industrial Process Control Data Information Based Trading - Easley and O'Hara Model Information Entropy in Financial Markets Information Gain Information Ratio in Active Portfolio Management Information Ratio in Quant Trading Performance Ingestion Buffer Ingestion Contract Ingestion Deduplication Ingestion Format Ingestion Interval Ingestion Latency Ingestion Pipeline Ingestion Rate Ingestion Schema Ingestion Timestamp Instrumentation Overhead Inter-Dealer Brokers Interest Rate Swaps and Hedging Internalization Broker-dealer Matching Internet of Behaviors (IoB)Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM)Intraday Liquidity Management Intraday Trading Analytics Irregular Time Intervals Ito's Lemma in Stochastic Calculus

J

Jackknife Estimation Jensen's Alpha in Portfolio Performance Jitter Compensation Join Strategy JSON Ingestion JSON Lines Jump-Diffusion Models & Merton's Model

K

Kalman Filter for Time Series Forecasting Kalman Gain Kelly Criterion for Optimal Betting Kernel Density Estimation Know Your Customer (KYC) Compliance Kolmogorov Complexity

L

Ladders in Financial Markets Lag Function Lag Monitoring Lag Operator Notation in Time Series Modeling Lakehouse Architecture Laplace Approximation in Bayesian Statistics Lasso Regression Late Arriving Data Latency Arbitrage Latency Arbitrage Formula for HFT Strategies Latency Arbitrage Models Latency Floor Latency Measurement Techniques Latency Normalization Techniques Latency Sensitivity Law of One Price in Arbitrage Free Markets Layer 1 vs Layer 2 Scaling Tradeoffs Layer 3 Scaling Solutions Lead Function Leader Election Levy Processes in Asset Pricing Likelihood Function Limit Order Limit Order Book Limit Order Placement Strategies Limit Orders in Financial Markets Line Protocol Liquidity Adaptive Order Placement in Algorithmic Trading Liquidity Adjusted Capital Asset Pricing Model Liquidity Aggregation Liquidity Aggregation Models in Dark Pools Liquidity Cost Functions in Market Impact Models Liquidity Provider (LP)Liquidity Provider Inventory Models Liquidity Risk Premium in Asset Pricing Liquidity Risk Reporting Liquidity Stress Testing Liquidity-Sensitive Execution Algorithms Load Shedding Locality-sensitive Hashing Locked and Crossed Markets Locked Market Log-likelihood Function Log-structured Merge Tree Low Latency Trading Networks Low-rank Approximation

M

Machine Learning for Execution Optimization Machine Learning for Market Prediction Maker-Taker Model Marginal Likelihood Market Abuse Regulation (MAR)Market Data Entitlements Market Data Feed Handlers Market Data Throttling Mechanisms Market Depth Market Depth Heatmap Market Efficiency Hypothesis Market Fragmentation Market Impact Cost Market Impact Models Market Impact Models - Hasbrouck & Kyle's Lambda Market Liquidity Risk Market Making Algorithms Market Microstructure Alpha Market Microstructure Noise Market Order Market Orders in Trading Market Regime Change Detection with ML Market Regime Detection Using Hidden Markov Models Market Replay Systems Market Surveillance Systems Market-Making in Derivatives Market-on-Close (MOC) Orders Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)Markowitz Efficient Frontier Martingale Pricing Theory Martingale Representation Theorem in Derivatives Pricing Materialization Materialized Lake View Maximum Likelihood Estimation Mean Absolute Deviation in Portfolio Risk Measurement Mean Reversion Trading Strategies Mean Squared Prediction Error (MSPE)Mean-Field Games in Financial Markets Mean-Reverting Process in Quant Strategies Mean-Variance Optimization Mean-Variance Portfolio Optimization Memory Mapping Memory Mapping (mmap)Memory-bound Query Merge-on-read Message Replay Metadata Manifest Metadata Pruning Metric Cardinality Metrics Backend Metrics Collection Agent MiFID II Best Execution Benchmarks Millisecond Precision Minimum Description Length Monte Carlo Path Dependent Option Pricing Monte Carlo Simulations for Derivatives Monte Carlo Simulations for Risk Estimation Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS) Analytics Multi Armed Bandit Optimization in Trading Multi-Asset Class Portfolios Multi-Leg Order Execution Multi-Party Computation (MPC) for Privacy-Preserving Finance Multi-tenancy (Database Architecture)Multi-version Concurrency Control Municipal Bond Liquidity Risk Mutual Information

N

Narrow Table Nested Loop Join Network Determinism in Financial Markets Network Latency Monitoring Neural Differential Equations in Financial Time Series Neural Network Cost Functions for Price Prediction Non-Custodial Prime Brokerage Non-Fungible Financial Instruments Non-negative Matrix Factorization

O

Object Storage Observability Metrics Observability Stack Off-Exchange Trading Volume OLAP OLTP On-Chain vs Off-Chain Settlement Online Learning in Adaptive Algorithmic Trading Open Banking APIs Operational Resilience in Trading Systems Operational Technology (OT) Monitoring Optimal Execution Cost Function in Market Making Optimal Execution Strategies - Almgren-Chriss Model Optimal Order Placement in Fragmented Markets Optimal Stopping Theory in Trading Algorithms Oracle Networks for On-Chain Finance ORC File Order Book Imbalance Order Execution Algorithms Order Flow Imbalance Models Order Flow Reconstruction Order Flow Toxicity Order Imbalance Strategies Order Lifecycle Order Management System (OMS)Order Matching Engine Order Protection Rule (Reg NMS)Order Routing System (ORS)Order Throttling Order-to-Trade Ratio Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process for Mean Reversion Out-of-order Event Out-of-order Ingestion Out-of-sync Sensor Outlier Detection Overfitting

P

Packet Loss Mitigation Page Cache Pairs Trading Strategy Parameter Identifiability Parity Priority Allocation Partial Autocorrelation (PACF)Partial Autocorrelation Function Partition Pruning Passive vs Aggressive Order Strategies Payload Enrichment Payload Format Payment for Order Flow (PFOF)Payment Rails and Real-Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)Pegged Orders Percentile Approximation Port to Port Latency Portfolio Optimization Portfolio Rebalancing Algorithms Position Management Systems Post-Trade Transparency Regulations Posterior Distribution Pre-Trade Risk Analytics Pre-trade Risk Checks Predicate Pushdown Predictive Load Forecasting Predictive Maintenance Analytics Price Impact Models for Large Block Orders Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for Portfolio Risk Principal Manifold Learning in Factor Investing Principal Trading vs Agency Trading Principal Trading vs Riskless Principal Trading Prior Distribution Privacy-Preserving Trading Protocols Probability of Informed Trading (PIN) Models Processing Time Programmable Money in Institutional Finance Projection Pruning Proprietary Data Feeds vs Consolidated Feeds Proprietary Trading Firms Protocol Buffer Ingestion Protocol Buffers (Protobuf)Proximity Hosting Purge Port

R

Radial Basis Function Kernel Raft Consensus Rank Function Rate-distortion Theory Read-after-write Consistency Real-time Analytics Real-Time Cross-Border Payments Real-time Dashboarding Real-time Data Ingestion Real-time Data Ingestion Real-time Data Visualization Real-Time Fraud Detection in Electronic Trading Real-Time Market Data (RTMD)Real-Time Portfolio Optimization Real-time Risk Assessment Real-time Trade Surveillance Recovery Time Objective Regime Switching Models in Asset Pricing Regime Switching Models in Trading Regularization Penalty Regulatory Compliance Automation Regulatory Reporting Automation Regulatory Sandboxes for DeFi Experimentation Regulatory Technical Standards (RTS)Reinforcement Learning for Optimal Market Execution Reinforcement Learning in Market Making Reinforcement Learning Reward Functions in Market Making Replication Replication Factor Replication Lag Repo Market Automation Repo Market Liquidity Crisis Reservoir Sampling Residual Component Residual Variance Retention-aware Queries Ridge Regression Risk Management in Swaps Trading Risk Parity Portfolio Construction Risk Premia Decomposition in Factor Investing Risk Premium Strategies Risk Reversal in Options Trading Risk Tokenization in DeFi Risk Weighted Assets (RWA)Risk Weighted Assets (RWA) Calculation in Basel III Risk-Adjusted Return for Fixed Income Risk-Adjusted Return Metrics - Treynor and Calmar Ratios Risk-Neutral Measure in Derivative Pricing Risk-Neutral Measures Risk-Neutral Valuation in Arbitrage-Free Models Rolling Window Analysis Rollup Table Rollups and Data Availability Solutions Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)Rule 15c3-5

S

Sampling Resolution Schema Evolution Schema on Read Schema on Write Seasonality Decomposition Seasonality Modeling Security Token Offerings (STOs)Sensor Fusion Sensor Fusion Analytics Sensor ID Mapping Sentiment Analysis in Market Forecasting Settlement Finality in Trading Shannon Entropy Shapley Value in Financial Risk Attribution Sharding Sharpe Ratio Calculation Sharpe Ratio vs Sortino Ratio Short Selling SIFI Designation Signal Smoothing Simple Moving Average Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)Sketch Algorithm Sketching Algorithms Skewness in Derivative Pricing Sliding Window Slippage Slippage and Market Impact Estimation Smart Beta Strategies Smart Contract-Based Lending Smart Contracts in Market Infrastructure Smart Order Execution (SOE)Smart Order Execution Strategies Smart Order Router (SOR)Smart Order Routing (SOR)Smoothing Kernel Smoothing Spline Snapshot Isolation Social Metrics in ESG Analysis Sort Buffer Sortino Ratio for Downside Risk Sovereign Bond Yield Spreads Sparse Regression for Alpha Discovery Spectral Analysis for Market Signals Spectral Clustering for Regime Changes Spectral Embedding Spectral Risk Measures in Asset Pricing Stablecoin Regulation Challenges Staking Derivatives in DeFi State-space Model Stationarity Assumption Stationarity Test Statistical Arbitrage (Stat Arb)Statistical Power Analysis in Backtesting Models Statistical Risk Models Statistical Signal Processing for Market Forecasting Stochastic Control in Optimal Trading Stochastic Differential Equations in Finance Stop Order Stop Orders in Financial Trading Storage Engine Storage Tiering Streaming Feature Extraction Strong Consistency Structural Equation Modeling in Financial Data Structured Credit Instruments Structured Credit Risk Models Structured vs. Unstructured Time-Series Data Sub Penny Rule Subquery Superposition Principle in Financial Derivatives Supervised Learning in Algorithmic Trading Supply and Demand Elasticity in Market Microstructure Support Vector Machines for Market Classification Survival Analysis in Default Risk Estimation Swap Pricing Formulas Swap Spread Dynamics and Credit Risk Synthetic Market Data Generation Synthetic Monitoring Synthetic Stablecoins System Resilience Systematic Arbitrage Systemic Market Risk Systemic Risk Designation FSOC Systemic Trading

T

t-SNE (t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding)Table Format Tabular Data Layer Tag Explosion Tail Risk Hedging Telemetry Data Telemetry Retention Telemetry Rollups Temporal Data Modeling Temporal Join Tensor Factorization in Multi Asset Risk Modeling Term Structure of Interest Rates Vasicek CIR Models Test Error The Great Guide to OHLC Candlesticks Thread Scheduling Tick Data Tick Size Constraints Time Bucketing Time Travel Query Time-based Partitioning Time-encoded Payload Time-in-Force (TIF)Time-range Filter Time-Series Compression Algorithms Time-series database Time-series Histogram Time-series Index Time-series Join Time-series OLAP Time-Synchronized Data Streams Time-Weighted Average Price (TWAP)Timescale Factor Timestamp Alignment Timestamp Precision Timestamp Synchronization (PTP/NTP)Tokenized Collateral in Lending Tombstone Record Trace Correlation Trade Anonymity Trade Crossing Networks Trade Execution Quality Trade Lifecycle Management Trade Lifecycle Monitoring Trade Reconstruction Requirements Trade Surveillance Trade Surveillance in Fixed Income Transaction Cost Analysis in High Frequency Trading Transaction Cost Modeling Transaction Latency Analysis Transaction Reporting Requirements Transaction Timestamping Transactional Log Transactional Table Transparency and Market Integrity T+1 Settlements Trend Component Trend Detection Trend-Following Algorithms Tumbling Window Type Coercion

U

Ultra-Low Latency Data Feeds Underfitting Upsert

V

Value at Risk (VaR) models Variance Gamma Model for Option Pricing Vector Scan Vectorized Execution Vega Exposure in Options Portfolios Versioned Table Volatility Arbitrage Strategies Volatility Interruptions and Trading Halts Volatility Surface Construction Volatility Targeting Strategies Volume Profile VWAP VWAP Slippage

W

Wasserstein Distance for Risk Measure Comparisons Watermarking Wavelet Transform for Market Anomaly Detection Weighted Moving Average What Is a Columnar Database?What Is a Materialized View?What Is a Non-relational Database?What Is a Relational Database?What Is Anomaly Detection?What Is ARIMA?What Is Classification in Statistical Analysis?What Is CRUD?What Is Curve Fitting in Time Series Analysis?What Is Database Partitioning?What Is Exponential Smoothing?What Is Forecasting in Time Series or Statistical Analysis?What Is High Cardinality?What Is Segmentation in Time- Series or Statistical Analysis?What Is Stream Processing?What Is Time Series Data Analysis?Whistleblower Protection in Market Regulation Wholesale CBDC vs Retail CBDC Wide Table Windowed Aggregation Wire-to-wire Latency Write Amplification Write Quorum Write Throughput Write-ahead Log

Y

Yield Curve Construction Yield Curve Estimation Nelson Siegel Svensson Models Yield Curve Inversion and Recession Risk

Z

Z-score Normalization Z-Score Normalization for Statistical Arbitrage Zero-copy Reads Zero-Coupon Bond Pricing Zk-SNARKs and Zero-Knowledge Proofs in Finance